Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Women: The Impact of Race ...

Nearly 1 In 3 Black Adults May Develop PAD: Disparities In Care Increase Amputation Risk

Low-cost, routine testing may help to reduce disparities and health care costs for people with peripheral artery disease (PAD), according to a new scientific statement from the American Heart Association, published today in the journal Circulation.

The new scientific statement, "Health Disparities in Peripheral Artery Disease," reviews the latest research, outlines racial and ethnic disparities in PAD diagnosis and treatment, and offers potential solutions to reduce disparities and increase health equity among people with PAD.

Previous studies have found that PAD and its consequences disproportionately impact individuals who are Black, American Indian or Hispanic. These demographic groups experience both higher rates of PAD and worse PAD-related outcomes, such as disability, depression, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and/or limb amputation.

PAD is a narrowing of the arteries that carry blood to the extremities, often leading to reduced blood supply to the legs. It is the result of fatty plaque buildup in the arteries and causes pain, cramping or weakness in the legs and feet when walking. Approximately 1 in 10 people with PAD may develop chronic limb-threatening ischemia, where people experience pain even when resting, and they are at increased risk for limb amputation and death from cardiovascular disease.

In addition, people with PAD who also have type 2 diabetes have a higher rate of complications, including amputation, compared to people without type 2 diabetes. More than 12 million people in the U.S. And 200 million people worldwide have PAD, and the majority of people living with PAD are ages 40 and older.

The statement advises routine, low-cost preventive screening and monitoring for people with PAD that includes hemoglobin A1c testing (a measure of blood glucose as a 3-month average), ankle-brachial index measurements (a comparative test of blood pressure at the ankle vs. Arm to monitor blood flow) and, for those with type 2 diabetes, foot exams to check for ulcerations and neuropathy.

"This debilitating condition has devastating outcomes such as major limb amputation, which often leads to lower quality of life and increased disability, and results in social and economic burden for individuals and their families, and places an enormous financial burden on the health care system," said statement writing group member Carlos Mena-Hurtado, M.D, an associate professor of cardiology and director of vascular medicine at Yale New Haven Hospital and Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. "High-risk patients should routinely receive low-cost preventive measures. Preventing problems before they occur may help to improve quality of life and reduce health care costs in the long run for people with PAD."

Some of the disparities identified in the statement include:

Nearly 1 in 3 Black adults may develop PAD, compared to about 1 in 5 Hispanic or white adults.

When seeking medical care, Black adults are more likely to have more advanced PAD and are more likely to undergo leg or foot amputation in comparison to peers who are white adults.

Compared to white adults, Black, Hispanic and American Indian adults experience lower survival rates and worse quality of life after amputation. People in these demographic groups are also less likely to use a prosthesis to regain the ability to walk and more likely to live in a nursing home.

People from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups also have an increased risk of death after amputation, with the rate of death within five years ranging from 45%–60%, depending on the location of the amputation.

Limited access to health care resources may play a role in differences in outcomes for patients with PAD. Underrepresented, rural and low-income adults are at greater risk of being uninsured and are more likely to seek care at a more advanced stage of the disease compared with white, urban and higher-income adults, which increases the risk for amputation.

Mena-Hurtado added, "Even after controlling for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, we were surprised to find that higher PAD prevalence persists among Black adults. However, we now know that social determinants of health, such as access to nutritious foods, walkable neighborhoods and structural inequities, have a profound impact on an individual's health status."

Disparities in risk factors for PAD

Smoking is the most important risk factor for PAD. According to the statement, people who are of American Indian and Alaska Native descent have higher rates of smoking than people from other racial and ethnic groups. Although smoking rates have decreased in the U.S. Overall, the decline has been lower among Black and American Indian adults.

Other risk factors for PAD include type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and obesity. People who are Black or Hispanic have higher rates of obesity compared with white adults in the U.S. In addition, Black adults with PAD also have higher rates of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than white adults.

Differences in vascular health may also contribute to higher rates of PAD among Black adults. Social determinants of health have been linked to alterations in blood vessel function and increased blood vessel aging and stiffness, which, in turn, increase the risk of PAD. Several studies have found Black adults are more likely to have accelerated vascular aging, reduced endothelial function, increased arterial stiffness and elevated biomarkers of systemic inflammation, which are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Potential solutions to reduce disparities

The statement suggests opportunities to reduce disparities in PAD care from three perspectives:

a system-wide approach that integrates PAD screening into routine care;

improving cultural competence and increasing diversity of clinicians and physicians; and

improving community education and support programs.

The writing group suggests that emerging advances in telehealth appointments and remote patient monitoring may help to expand access to routine and preventive care. Broader implementation of telehealth and remote monitoring may help to reduce the disproportionately high number of amputations throughout the U.S., in general, and especially among people from diverse racial and ethnic groups.

Community health efforts aimed at increasing public awareness and knowledge about PAD may also help improve patient outcomes. As an example, the statement cites novel approaches to deliver health care and raise awareness among Black men, such as barbershop-based screening and follow-up. Studies have shown that community-based care and support programs are effective to lower blood pressure and raise awareness of PAD.

Quitting smoking, improving diet and exercise therapy are critical to reducing cardiovascular risk, mortality and amputation rates in people with PAD. Interventions that increase access to healthy foods, and ensure sensitivity to diverse cultural eating patterns may help to reduce hospital admissions and health care costs. Examples include programs that partner with food banks and implement community gardens.

For people with established PAD, medications to manage blood pressure, lower cholesterol and reduce blood clotting may be considered to reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, amputation and cardiovascular death. Surgical revascularization procedures that restore blood flow in blocked arteries, such as lower extremity arterial bypass, were found to be less likely to be offered in certain regions of the U.S., especially among Black, Hispanic and American Indian populations. Greater access to these procedures and follow-up care may also help to reduce disparities.

"It is essential that health care professionals understand the disparities in PAD prevalence and outcomes in order to provide appropriate, evidence-based care and bridge the gaps in the treatment of this diverse patient population. Health care systems need to optimize cost-effective interventions at every step," Mena-Hurtado.

More information: Health Disparities in Peripheral Artery Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association, Circulation (2023). DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001153

Citation: Nearly 1 in 3 Black adults may develop PAD: Disparities in care increase amputation risk (2023, June 15) retrieved 28 June 2023 from https://medicalxpress.Com/news/2023-06-black-adults-pad-disparities-amputation.Html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

Why Do Menstrual Pads Cause Rashes?

Sometimes the rash can be the result of irritation from something the pad is made from. Other times the combination of moisture and heat can contribute to bacterial buildup.

Wearing a sanitary or maxi pad can sometimes leave something unwanted behind — a rash. This can lead to itching, swelling, and redness.

Regardless of the underlying cause, there are several treatments available to treat rashes from pads.

Most rashes from pads are the result of contact dermatitis. This means your skin has come in contact with something irritating in your sanitary pad. Contact dermatitis of the vulva is known as vulvitis.

Pads are typically made from several layers of different materials. Each material has the potential to irritate your skin. Examples of common components in a sanitary pad include:

Back sheet

The back sheet of a sanitary pad is often made of compounds called polyolefins. These are also used in clothing, straws, and ropes.

Absorbent core

The absorbent core is usually between the back sheet and top sheet. It's made from absorbent foam and wood cellulose, a highly absorbent material. Sometimes, it may contain absorbent gels as well.

Top sheet

The top sheet of a sanitary pad is the one that comes in contact most often with your skin. Examples of components of top sheets include polyolefins as well as zinc oxide and petrolatum, which are often used in skin moisturizers.

Adhesive

Adhesives are on the back of the pad and help the pad stick to underwear. Some are prepared with FDA-approved glues similar to those in craft glue sticks.

Fragrances

In addition to these components, some manufacturers may add fragrances to their pads. Some women's skin may be sensitive to the chemicals used to provide fragrance. However, most pads place a fragrance layer underneath the absorbent core. This means the fragranced core is unlikely to come in contact with your skin.

While rashes and allergic irritation can occur, it's usually rare. One study calculated an estimated 0.7 percent of skin rashes were from allergies to an adhesive in sanitary pads. Another study reported the incidence of significant irritation from maxi pads was only one per two million pads used.

In addition to dermatitis from the components of the sanitary pad itself, the friction from wearing a pad has the potential to irritate sensitive skin and lead to a rash.

It may take some trial and error to treat a rash caused by a pad.

Use unscented pads.

Wear loose cotton underwear to reduce friction.

Try a different brand to determine if it causes fewer reactions.

Apply an over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream to the outer vulva area if it's affected. You should not put hydrocortisone cream inside the vaginal canal.

Use a sitz bath to relieve irritated areas. You can purchase a sitz bath at most drugstores. These special baths usually sit over a toilet. Fill the bath with warm (not hot) water and sit in it for 5 to 10 minutes, then pat the area dry.

Change pads frequently to prevent them from becoming too moist and increasing your risk of irritation.

Treat any irritation from a pad as soon as you notice it. Untreated rashes could lead to a yeast infection as the yeast naturally present in your body can affect the irritated areas.

Rashes caused by friction may go away within two to three days if they're treated as soon as you notice symptoms. Rashes that are untreated can become more serious and may take longer to treat.

Rashes from pads can present a challenge if pads are your preferred method to protect your clothing from menstrual blood. To prevent future irritation:

Switch to an all-cotton pad that doesn't contain dyes or different adhesives. These pads are more expensive, but they may help prevent rashes if you have sensitive skin.

Opt for washable cloth pads or special cups that can absorb menstrual blood without causing significant irritation.

Change pads frequently and wear loose-fitting underwear.

To prevent yeast infections, apply an antifungal ointment right before the start of your period.

Routine Testing May Help To Reduce Health Disparities For People With Peripheral Artery Disease

Low-cost, routine testing may help to reduce disparities and health care costs for people with peripheral artery disease (PAD), according to a new scientific statement from the American Heart Association, published today in the Association's flagship peer-reviewed journal Circulation.

The new scientific statement, "Health Disparities in Peripheral Artery Disease," reviews the latest research, outlines racial and ethnic disparities in PAD diagnosis and treatment, and offers potential solutions to reduce disparities and increase health equity among people with PAD. Previous studies have found that PAD and its consequences disproportionately impact individuals who are Black, American Indian or Hispanic. These demographic groups experience both higher rates of PAD and worse PAD-related outcomes, such as disability, depression, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and/or limb amputation.

PAD is a narrowing of the arteries that carry blood to the extremities, often leading to reduced blood supply to the legs. It is the result of fatty plaque buildup in the arteries and causes pain, cramping or weakness in the legs and feet when walking. Approximately 1 in 10 people with PAD may develop chronic limb-threatening ischemia, where people experience pain even when resting, and they are at increased risk for limb amputation and death from cardiovascular disease.

In addition, people with PAD who also have Type 2 diabetes have a higher rate of complications, including amputation, compared to people without Type 2 diabetes. More than 12 million people in the U.S. And 200 million people worldwide have PAD, and the majority of people living with PAD are ages 40 and older.

The statement advises routine, low-cost preventive screening and monitoring for people with PAD that includes hemoglobin A1c testing (a measure of blood glucose as a 3-month average), ankle-brachial index measurements (a comparative test of blood pressure at the ankle vs. Arm to monitor blood flow) and, for those with Type 2 diabetes, foot exams to check for ulcerations and neuropathy.

This debilitating condition has devastating outcomes such as major limb amputation, which often leads to lower quality of life and increased disability, and results in social and economic burden for individuals and their families, and places an enormous financial burden on the health care system. High-risk patients should routinely receive low-cost preventive measures. Preventing problems before they occur may help to improve quality of life and reduce health care costs in the long run for people with PAD."

Carlos Mena-Hurtado, M.D, Statement Writing Group Member and Associate Professor of Cardiology and Director of Vascular Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale University

Some of the disparities identified in the statement include:

Nearly 1 in 3 Black adults may develop PAD, compared to about 1 in 5 Hispanic or white adults.

When seeking medical care, Black adults are more likely to have more advanced PAD and are more likely to undergo leg or foot amputation in comparison to peers who are white adults.

Compared to white adults, Black, Hispanic and American Indian adults experience lower survival rates and worse quality of life after amputation. People in these demographic groups are also less likely to use a prosthesis to regain the ability to walk and more likely to live in a nursing home.

People from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups also have an increased risk of death after amputation, with the rate of death within five years ranging from 45%–60%, depending on the location of the amputation.

Limited access to health care resources may play a role in differences in outcomes for patients with PAD. Underrepresented, rural and low-income adults are at greater risk of being uninsured and are more likely to seek care at a more advanced stage of the disease compared with white, urban and higher-income adults, which increases the risk for amputation.

Mena-Hurtado added, "Even after controlling for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, we were surprised to find that higher PAD prevalence persists among Black adults. However, we now know that social determinants of health, such as access to nutritious foods, walkable neighborhoods and structural inequities, have a profound impact on an individual's health status."

Disparities in risk factors for PAD

Smoking is the most important risk factor for PAD. According to the statement, people who are of American Indian and Alaska Native descent have higher rates of smoking than people from other racial and ethnic groups. Although smoking rates have decreased in the U.S. Overall, the decline has been lower among Black and American Indian adults.

Other risk factors for PAD include Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and obesity. People who are Black or Hispanic have higher rates of obesity compared with white adults in the U.S. In addition, Black adults with PAD also have higher rates of Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than white adults.

Differences in vascular health may also contribute to higher rates of PAD among Black adults. Social determinants of health have been linked to alterations in blood vessel function and increased blood vessel aging and stiffness, which, in turn, increase the risk of PAD. Several studies have found Black adults are more likely to have accelerated vascular aging, reduced endothelial function, increased arterial stiffness and elevated biomarkers of systemic inflammation, which are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Potential solutions to reduce disparities

The statement suggests opportunities to reduce disparities in PAD care from three perspectives:

a system-wide approach that integrates PAD screening into routine care;

improving cultural competence and increasing diversity of clinicians and physicians; and

improving community education and support programs.

The writing group suggests that emerging advances in telehealth appointments and remote patient monitoring may help to expand access to routine and preventive care. Broader implementation of telehealth and remote monitoring may help to reduce the disproportionately high number of amputations throughout the U.S., in general, and especially among people from diverse racial and ethnic groups.

Community health efforts aimed at increasing public awareness and knowledge about PAD may also help improve patient outcomes. As an example, the statement cites novel approaches to deliver health care and raise awareness among Black men, such as barbershop-based screening and follow-up. Studies have shown that community-based care and support programs are effective to lower blood pressure and raise awareness of PAD.

Quitting smoking, improving diet and exercise therapy are critical to reducing cardiovascular risk, mortality and amputation rates in people with PAD. Interventions that increase access to healthy foods, and ensure sensitivity to diverse cultural eating patterns may help to reduce hospital admissions and health care costs. Examples include programs that partner with food banks and implement community gardens.

For people with established PAD, medications to manage blood pressure, lower cholesterol and reduce blood clotting may be considered to reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, amputation and cardiovascular death. Surgical revascularization procedures that restore blood flow in blocked arteries, such as lower extremity arterial bypass, were found to be less likely to be offered in certain regions of the U.S., especially among Black, Hispanic and American Indian populations. Greater access to these procedures and follow-up care may also help to reduce disparities.

"It is essential that health care professionals understand the disparities in PAD prevalence and outcomes in order to provide appropriate, evidence-based care and bridge the gaps in the treatment of this diverse patient population. Health care systems need to optimize cost-effective interventions at every step," Mena-Hurtado.

Source:

Journal reference:

Allison, M. A., et al. (2023) Health Disparities in Peripheral Artery Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. doi.Org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001153.

---