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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Causes, Diagnosis And Treatment

3D illustration of a human heart inside a chest.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of heart disease and occurs when plaque buildup narrows or blocks one or more of the arteries that supply blood to the heart. The term is often used interchangeably with coronary heart disease (CHD).

Specifically, CAD is a problem of one or more arteries supplying the myocardium, the muscular layer of the heart. This is the thickest layer of tissue in the organ and consumes more oxygen than the rest of the heart, consequently requiring the most blood flow.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 382,820 people in the United States died from CAD in 2020, while 20.1 million adults ages 20 and older live with the condition.

What causes coronary artery disease?

A 3D illustration of a clogged artery

CAD is caused by a process known as atherosclerosis, in which plaque builds up in the inner walls of arteries, causing them to narrow and become rigid. This blocks blood flow, and the blockage can rapidly worsen if a piece of plaque breaks off and causes a blood clot.

One factor that increases the likelihood of atherosclerosis is the long-term presence of high concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood. These high levels can result from a relative deficiency of LDL receptors, which are proteins on the membranes of various body cells, especially liver cells. LDL receptors capture LDL from the blood, causing its contents — cholesterol and fat molecules called triglycerides — to be taken inside the cell and out of the blood. Thus, a lack of these receptors causes LDL cholesterol levels to be higher in the blood.

High levels of LDL cholesterol provoke and exacerbate what doctors call atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, an umbrella term for atherosclerotic changes that can develop in blood vessels throughout the body; this includes CAD, which specifically affects the coronary arteries.

Other factors that can provoke atherosclerosis include uncontrolled type 2 diabetes, hypertension (high blood pressure) and tobacco use.

Story continues

What are the symptoms of coronary artery disease?

Man holding chest in pain.

Symptoms of coronary artery disease generally don't appear until the narrowing and hardening of coronary arteries begins to obstruct the flow of blood to the myocardium (the muscular layer of the heart).

When this obstruction does occur, it can produce angina — chest pain or chest heaviness that arises when the heart doesn't get enough oxygen — as well as pain in other places, such as the neck, shoulder or arm. Angina can be stable at first, meaning that it generally occurs only with exertion, related to physical activity or emotional stress and the strength of each heart contraction. However, this can progress to unstable angina, which is a type of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to a part of the heart.

Known colloquially as a "heart attack," ACS is a spectrum running from its least severe subtype, unstable angina; to an intermediate subtype, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI); to its most severe subtype, ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

According to the Mayo Clinic, symptoms of ACS resulting from coronary artery disease may include:

Dyspnea (difficulty breathing or shortness of breath)

Chest pain or chest heaviness

Pain in other places, such as the neck, shoulder or arm

Fatigue

Palpitations

Dizziness or fainting

Nausea

Sudden sweating

How is coronary artery disease diagnosed?

female doctor taking a man's blood pressure

To diagnose coronary artery disease, doctors will look at a patient's medical history and any symptoms that could indicate heart problems. They may also perform a physical examination.

Often, they will request an electrocardiography (ECG) test. ECG is a technique that detects changes in voltage over time across the heart, at different angles. When CAD causes enough blockage of blood flow to cause ischemia (insufficient blood supply) in particular parts of the heart, ECG can show abnormalities in the heart's activity.

Doctors also will request blood tests. Important blood values include the concentration of LDL cholesterol in a person's blood and the concentration of triglycerides (fat molecules).

Patients may be referred to a cardiologist for further tests, such as additional ECG testing, ultrasound imaging of the heart (echocardiography), or evaluation with a wearable heart monitor, a version of ECG that you wear for a few days or weeks that transmits data to the cardiologist.

Complications of coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease can lead to a condition called myocardial ischemia in which an artery cannot deliver adequate quantities of blood and oxygen to the myocardium. This can happen due to an artery gradually becoming blocked with plaque, resulting in the lumen of the artery (the hollow middle through which blood passes) narrowing and the wall of the artery hardening.

In addition, an atherosclerotic artery that has not been blocked enough to cause ischemia can suddenly become blocked by a piece of plaque breaking off, getting stuck and growing larger by stimulating the clotting process. Generally, this would lead to ACS.

Computer monitor showing cardiac stress test results of a senior male patient in ECG bike. Close-up of computer screen in cardiology clinic.

Even without a plaque rupture, however, the gradual increase in blockage driven by atherosclerosis disrupts a person's ability to perform physical activities, such as walking up stairs or around the block.

When doctors suspect that a patient's CAD may be causing life-threatening problems with the heart, such as ACS, myocarditis (inflammation of the heart's muscular tissue) or pericarditis (inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart), blood is tested to see if levels of certain enzymes are elevated, including a group of enzymes called troponins. Troponins are measured because they leak out of heart muscle tissue when it is damaged.

In cases of ACS, doctors can use troponin measurements and ECG to distinguish between broad subtypes of ACS, which has important implications for treatment and further testing. In cases when either heart failure or myocarditis is suspected, they'll also check blood for levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), a hormone that enters the blood when the heart is stressed.

Treatment for coronary artery disease

Treatment for CAD usually involves a combination of medication and lifestyle changes.

Medications can include cholesterol-lowering drugs, aspirin (to make it harder for platelets to stick to one another and to walls of blood vessels to form clots), medications to slow the heart while increasing the power of each contraction, or medications to widen blood vessels and/or to decrease blood pressure.

Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market Size By 2030

The MarketWatch News Department was not involved in the creation of this content.

Apr 25, 2023 (The Expresswire) -- The latest market research report on the Global "Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market" is segmented by Regions, Country, Company and other Segments. The global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market is dominated by key Players, such as [Abbott Vascular, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Terumo, Biosensors, B.Braun, MicroPort, Biotronik] these players have adopted various strategies to increase their market penetration and strengthen their position in the industry. Stake holders and other participants in the global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market will be able to gain the upper hand by using the report as a powerful resource for their business needs.

Number of Tables and Figures : 130

What is the Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market growth?

Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market Size is projected to Reach Multimillion USD by 2030, In comparison to 2023, at unexpected CAGR during the forecast Period 2023-2030.

Browse Detailed TOC, Tables and Figures with Charts which is spread across 86 Pages that provides exclusive data, information, vital statistics, trends, and competitive landscape details in this niche sector.

Client Focus

1. Does this report consider the impact of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine war on the Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market?

Yes. As the COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine war are profoundly affecting the global supply chain relationship and raw material price system, we have definitely taken them into consideration throughout the research, and in Chapters, we elaborate at full length on the impact of the pandemic and the war on the Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Industry

Final Report will add the analysis of the impact of Russia-Ukraine War and COVID-19 on this Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Industry.

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This research report is the result of an extensive primary and secondary research effort into the Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market. It provides a thorough overview of the market's current and future objectives, along with a competitive analysis of the industry, broken down by application, type and regional trends. It also provides a dashboard overview of the past and present performance of leading companies. A variety of methodologies and analyses are used in the research to ensure accurate and comprehensive information about the Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market.

Which are the driving factors of the Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market?

Growing demand for [For Large Vessel (Above 3mm), For Small Vessel (Below 3mm)] around the world has had a direct impact on the growth of the Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent

The Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent segments and sub-section of the market are illuminated below:

Based on Product Types the Market is categorized into [Co-Cr Stent, Pt-Cr Stent, Others] that held the largest Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market share In 2022.

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Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market - Competitive and Segmentation Analysis:

2.How do you determine the list of the key players included in the report?

With the aim of clearly revealing the competitive situation of the industry, we concretely analyze not only the leading enterprises that have a voice on a global scale, but also the regional small and medium-sized companies that play key roles and have plenty of potential growth.

Short Description About Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market:

The Global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market is anticipated to rise at a considerable rate during the forecast period, between 2022 and 2030. In 2021, the market is growing at a steady rate and with the rising adoption of strategies by key players, the market is expected to rise over the projected horizon.

Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent is a stent without a coating or covering.It is a mesh-like tube of thin wire.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market size is estimated to be worth USD million in 2021 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD million by 2028 with a CAGR of Percent during the forecast period 2022-2028. Fully considering the economic change by this health crisis, the Europe Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market is estimated at USD million in 2022, while the United States and China are forecast to reach USD million and USD million by 2028, respectively. The proportion of the United States is Percent in 2022, while Chinese percentage is Percent, and it is predicted that China market share will reach Percent in 2028, trailing a CAGR of Percent through the analysis period. As for the Europe Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent landscape, Germany is projected to reach USD million by 2028. And in Asia, the notable markets are Japan and South Korea, CAGR is Percent and Percent respectively for the next 6-year period.

Co-Cr Stent accounting for Percent of the Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent global market in 2021, is projected to value USD million by 2028, growing at a revised Percent CAGR from 2022 to 2028. While For Large Vessel (Above 3mm) segment is altered to an Percent CAGR throughout this forecast period and will hold a share about Percent in 2028.

The global major manufacturers of Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent include Abbott Vascular, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Terumo, Biosensors, B.Braun, MicroPort and Biotronik, etc. In terms of revenue, the global 3 largest players have a Percent market share of Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent in 2021.

This report focuses on Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent volume and value at the global level, regional level, and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market size by analysing historical data and future prospect. Regionally, this report focuses on several key regions: North America, Europe, China and Japan, etc.

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3.What are your main data sources?

Both Primary and Secondary data sources are being used while compiling the report.

Primary sources include extensive interviews of key opinion leaders and industry experts (such as experienced front-line staff, directors, CEOs, and marketing executives), downstream distributors, as well as end-users. Secondary sources include the research of the annual and financial reports of the top companies, public files, new journals, etc. We also cooperate with some third-party databases.

Geographically, the detailed analysis of consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, historical data and forecast (2017-2027) of the following regions are covered in Chapters:

● North America (United States, Canada and Mexico) ● Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia and Turkey etc.) ● Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Australia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam) ● South America (Brazil, Argentina, Columbia etc.) ● Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

This Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market Research/Analysis Report Contains Answers to your following Questions

● What are the global trends in the Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market? Would the market witness an increase or decline in the demand in the coming years? ● What is the estimated demand for different types of products in Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent? What are the upcoming industry applications and trends for Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market? ● What Are Projections of Global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Industry Considering Capacity, Production and Production Value? What Will Be the Estimation of Cost and Profit? What Will Be Market Share, Supply and Consumption? What about Import and Export? ● Where will the strategic developments take the industry in the mid to long-term? ● What are the factors contributing to the final price of Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent? What are the raw materials used for Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent manufacturing? ● How big is the opportunity for the Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market? How will the increasing adoption of Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent for mining impact the growth rate of the overall market? ● How much is the global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market worth? What was the value of the market In 2020? ● Who are the major players operating in the Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent market? Which companies are the front runners? ● Which are the recent industry trends that can be implemented to generate additional revenue streams? ● What Should Be Entry Strategies, Countermeasures to Economic Impact, and Marketing Channels for Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Industry?

Customization of the Report

Can I modify the scope of the report and customize it to suit my requirements?

Yes. Customized requirements of multi-dimensional, deep-level and high-quality can help our customers precisely grasp market opportunities, effortlessly confront market challenges, properly formulate market strategies and act promptly, thus to win them sufficient time and space for market competition.

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Detailed TOC of Global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market Insights and Forecast to 2030

Major Points from Table of Contents

Global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market Research Report 2023-2030, by Manufacturers, Regions, Types and Applications

1 Introduction1.1 Objective of the Study1.2 Definition of the Market1.3 Market Scope1.3.1 Market Segment by Type, Application and Marketing Channel1.3.2 Major Regions Covered (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Mid East and Africa)1.4 Years Considered for the Study (2015-2030)1.5 Currency Considered (U.S. Dollar)1.6 Stakeholders

2 Key Findings of the Study

3 Market Dynamics3.1 Driving Factors for this Market3.2 Factors Challenging the Market3.3 Opportunities of the Global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market (Regions, Growing/Emerging Downstream Market Analysis)3.4 Technological and Market Developments in the Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market3.5 Industry News by Region3.6 Regulatory Scenario by Region/Country3.7 Market Investment Scenario Strategic Recommendations Analysis

4 Value Chain of the Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market

4.1 Value Chain Status4.2 Upstream Raw Material Analysis4.3 Midstream Major Company Analysis (by Manufacturing Base, by Product Type)4.4 Distributors/Traders4.5 Downstream Major Customer Analysis (by Region)

5 Global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market-Segmentation by Type6 Global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market-Segmentation by Application

7 Global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market-Segmentation by Marketing Channel7.1 Traditional Marketing Channel (Offline)7.2 Online Channel

8 Competitive Intelligence Company Profiles

9 Global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market-Segmentation by Geography

9.1 North America9.2 Europe9.3 Asia-Pacific9.4 Latin America

9.5 Middle East and Africa

10 Future Forecast of the Global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market from 2023-2030

10.1 Future Forecast of the Global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Market from 2023-2030 Segment by Region10.2 Global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Production and Growth Rate Forecast by Type (2023-2030)10.3 Global Bare Metal Coronary Artery Stent Consumption and Growth Rate Forecast by Application (2023-2030)

11 Appendix11.1 Methodology12.2 Research Data Source

Continued….

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Toni Braxton Recalls Undergoing 'traumatic' Emergency Heart Surgery

Toni Braxton has revealed she underwent emergency heart surgery in September to treat a life-threatening lupus complication.

The Un-Break My Heart singer, who was diagnosed with the autoimmune disease in 2008, underwent a procedure after doctors discovered that one of her coronary arteries was 80 per cent blocked following a series of routine blood and urine tests in September.

"I kept putting (the tests) off thinking, 'Oh, I'm fine. I'll be okay.' But my doctor was persistent and I went to get tested in the last week of September. I did a specialized test and they looked at my heart and saw some abnormalities," Braxton told People. "I found out that I needed a coronary stent. My left main coronary artery was 80% blocked. The doctors told me I could've had a massive heart attack, I would not have survived... It was a traumatic moment for me. I was in shock."

The 55-year-old underwent emergency surgery two days later and had a stent inserted into the artery to keep it from narrowing or closing.

Reflecting on the health scare, the Grammy-winning singer told People that she will never put off doing her routine tests again.

"It was really a scary moment. Had I not gotten that test, my life would've been different," Braxton acknowledged. "I look at it like it was a blessing in disguise for me because now, putting off tests? Oh no, I will not put off tests. If all I have to do for my lupus and my kidney health is pee in a cup, I can pee in a cup."

Lupus is a disease that occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues and organs.

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